In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.

Deforestation in tropical regions can (1) ______ the way water vapour is produced over the canopy, (2) ______ causes reduced rainfall. A 2019 study published in the journal Ecohydrology showed that parts of the Amazon rainforest that (3) ______ converted to agricultural land (4) ______ higher soil and air temperatures, which could (5) ______ drought conditions.

Q:

Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank number 1.

• 1
  hold
• 2
  attack
• 3
  affect
• 4
  effect