(a) Union of States: This means that India is a federation comprising states and union territories. It emphasizes the unity of the country while recognizing the diversity and autonomy of its states.

(b) Federal State with Unitary Features: India operates as a federal state where power is divided between the central government and individual states. However, there are certain unitary features, such as a strong central authority in matters like defense and national security.

(c) Federal State with Federal Features: This is not a term used to describe the Indian political system. India is often termed as a federal state with unitary features.

(d) Federal State: This term generally implies a political entity where power is shared between a central government and regional entities. India is indeed a federal state where states have their own governments and certain powers, alongside a strong central government.

According to Article 1 (1), Bhart means India shall be a Union of States. The states and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the first schedule. The territory of India shall comprise.

Part 1, Article 1 of the constitution says-“BHARAT means India, shall be union of states”. The states and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the first schedule. The territory of India shall comprise.

Under Article 1, India is described as a “Union of States”. Federal word is not mentain in our constitution.

Preamble reflects the Philosophy and the values of the makers of constitution. In case of “Berubari Union” (1960), it was depicted that “Preamble is the key to clear the intentions of the makers of constitution”.

The word “Federal” is not used in the preamble of the constitution. But under Article 1, India is declared as a “Union of States”.

The Preamble was amended in 1976. The words “Socialist”, “Secular” and “Integrity” were added in the Preamble by 42nd Amendment Act 1976.

The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution of India drafted by a committee headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on 26 November 1949. Preamble was enacted on 26 November 1949 along with some other Articles rest of the constitution came into effect from 26 January 1950.