London is situated on the bank of the (A) Thames River. The River Thames is a major waterway flowing through the city of London, and it has played a significant role in the historical and cultural development of the city. The Thames River is the longest river entirely in England and is central to the geography and life of London.

The sea that does not belong to Russia is (B) Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe and is bordered by several countries, including Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Russia. It is not entirely enclosed by Russia. The other seas mentioned (Laptev Sea, Kara Sea, and White Sea) are all located in the Arctic and subarctic regions and are part of the Russian territory.

Downs grasslands, commonly known as "downs," are extensive grassy plains found in Australia. These grasslands are a distinctive feature of the Australian landscape, characterized by vast expanses of open grassy areas. They play a crucial role in supporting unique ecosystems and biodiversity in Australia. Downs are often associated with pastoral activities and are utilized for grazing livestock, especially in regions with a semi-arid to arid climate. These grasslands contribute to the ecological diversity of the Australian continent.

India became a member of the United Nations (UN) on October 30, 1945, shortly after gaining independence from British rule. As one of the founding members of the UN, India has been actively involved in international diplomacy and has contributed to various UN initiatives and peacekeeping missions over the years.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an Enlightenment philosopher, political theorist, and writer, had a profound influence on the intellectual climate leading up to the French Revolution. His ideas, particularly those expressed in works like "The Social Contract" and "Emile," emphasized the concepts of popular sovereignty, equality, and the general will. Rousseau's emphasis on individual rights, democratic principles, and the idea that government should be based on the will of the people contributed to the ideological foundation that inspired the leaders and thinkers of the French Revolution in the late 18th century.

In 1845 A.D., German Christian missionaries arrived in Ranchi. These missionaries played a significant role in the establishment and development of Christian missions in the region. Their efforts contributed to the growth of Christianity in Ranchi and the surrounding areas, impacting the local communities and cultural landscape.

Syria's capital, Damascus, is the oldest capital in existence. It is the fourth holiest city in Islam, according to some. Damascus was established in the third millennium B.C., making it one of the Middle East's oldest cities.

The "Tragedy of the Commons" is a concept introduced by Garrett Hardin in a famous 1968 essay. It describes a situation where individuals, acting in their self-interest, deplete shared resources, leading to the detriment of the overall community. The term "commons" refers to resources that are accessible to everyone, and the tragedy occurs when individuals, motivated by personal gain, exploit these resources excessively, leading to their depletion or degradation. Hardin's work highlights the challenges of managing common resources and the need for collective action or regulatory measures to prevent the tragedy from occurring. This concept has been widely applied to environmental issues and resource management.