Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an Enlightenment philosopher, political theorist, and writer, had a profound influence on the intellectual climate leading up to the French Revolution. His ideas, particularly those expressed in works like "The Social Contract" and "Emile," emphasized the concepts of popular sovereignty, equality, and the general will. Rousseau's emphasis on individual rights, democratic principles, and the idea that government should be based on the will of the people contributed to the ideological foundation that inspired the leaders and thinkers of the French Revolution in the late 18th century.

In 1845 A.D., German Christian missionaries arrived in Ranchi. These missionaries played a significant role in the establishment and development of Christian missions in the region. Their efforts contributed to the growth of Christianity in Ranchi and the surrounding areas, impacting the local communities and cultural landscape.

Justice Nagendra Singh served as the President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) from 1985 to 1988. He is one of the four judges from India to have been inducted in the ICJ which is based in The Hague, Netherlands.

The United Nations is primarily funded by its member nations. Member states contribute funds to support the regular budget of the United Nations, which covers essential expenses for the organization's operations. Assessments for the regular budget are based on a country's capacity to pay, taking into account its relative wealth and income. Additionally, the UN may receive voluntary contributions for specific programs or initiatives from member nations and other entities. Therefore, the correct answer is:

(D) Member Nations

The San Francisco Conference, officially known as the United Nations Conference on International Organization, took place from April 25 to June 26, 1945. Therefore, the correct answer is:

(D) 25 April 1945

The San Francisco Conference, also known as the United Nations Conference on International Organization, was held in 1945. During this conference, the final approval and adoption of the United Nations Charter occurred. Delegates from various countries gathered in San Francisco to establish the UN, and the charter, which serves as the foundational document of the organization, was signed on June 26, 1945. This marked a significant step in the post-World War II efforts to promote international cooperation, peace, and security.

Syria's capital, Damascus, is the oldest capital in existence. It is the fourth holiest city in Islam, according to some. Damascus was established in the third millennium B.C., making it one of the Middle East's oldest cities.