(D) Mesocarp

The edible portion of a mango is the mesocarp, which is the fleshy and pulpy middle layer of the fruit. The outer skin (exocarp) is not typically consumed, and the inner seed (endocarp) is also not eaten. The mesocarp is the part that is juicy, sweet, and commonly enjoyed in various culinary applications, such as eating the fruit fresh, making juices, or incorporating it into salads and desserts.

(C) Spinal cord

Vertebrae are part of the spinal column, also known as the backbone or spine. The spinal column is a bony structure that encases and protects the spinal cord, which is a crucial component of the central nervous system. The spinal cord is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body, allowing for communication and coordination of various bodily functions.

The study of properties and methods of biological systems found in nature and the application of this knowledge in the design and improvement of artificial systems is known as:

(A) Bionics

Explanation:

Bionics: Bionics is an interdisciplinary field that combines biology and engineering. It involves studying natural systems to understand their design and functionality and then applying this knowledge to create or improve artificial systems. The goal is to develop technologies inspired by nature. For example, designing a robot based on the principles observed in animal locomotion or creating materials inspired by the structure of biological tissues.

The other options:

Bionomics: This term is more commonly associated with the ecological study of organisms and their relationships with each other and their environment.

Bionomy: This term is not commonly used, and its meaning can vary in different contexts.

Biometry: Biometry usually refers to the statistical analysis of biological data.

Therefore, the correct answer is (A) Bionics.

Entomology is the scientific study of insects. It involves the examination of the biology, behavior, ecology, taxonomy, physiology, and evolution of insects. Entomologists, the scientists who specialize in this field, study a vast and diverse group of organisms, which make up the largest class of animals on Earth. The knowledge gained through entomology has wide-ranging applications, from understanding ecosystems and biodiversity to pest management and forensic entomology.

The first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 was:

(A) Penicillin

Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin revolutionized medicine by introducing the first widely used antibiotic, which proved effective against a variety of bacterial infections.

The tissue that forms glands is:

(A) Epithelium

Explanation:

Epithelial tissue is responsible for the formation of glands. Glands are structures that produce and secrete substances such as hormones or enzymes. Epithelial cells can be organized to form glandular tissues, and glands can be classified into two main types: exocrine glands and endocrine glands. Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts, while endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Epithelial tissue plays a crucial role in the formation and function of both types of glands.

Cartilage is not found in:

(C) in the kidney

Explanation:

Cartilage is a connective tissue that is flexible and provides support to various structures in the body. However, it is not found in the kidney. The kidney primarily consists of renal tissue, blood vessels, and other specialized structures involved in the filtration of blood and the formation of urine. Cartilage is commonly found in areas such as the nose, ears, joints, and certain respiratory structures, but it is not a component of the kidney.

The term "overdose" in the context of essential elements for plants suggests an excess or imbalance of nutrients, which can have negative effects on plant health. Among the options given:

(A) Nitrogen

Explanation: While all nutrients are essential for plant growth, an overdose or excessive application of nitrogen (option A) can lead to problems such as nutrient imbalance, environmental pollution, and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. Excessive nitrogen can cause rapid vegetative growth, but it may negatively impact other aspects of plant health, such as root development, flowering, and overall resilience.

Balanced nutrient management is crucial for optimal plant growth, and it's important to consider the specific requirements of each plant species and the soil conditions to avoid nutrient imbalances and potential negative effects on plant health.