Article 51 'A', contained in Part IV A of the Constitution deals with Fundamental Duties.

The substance that causes the clotting of blood is:

(A) Thrombin

Thrombin is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the blood clotting process. It is responsible for converting fibrinogen, a soluble plasma protein, into insoluble fibrin threads. These fibrin threads form a mesh that helps in the clotting of blood, particularly at the site of injury or wound. Therefore, option (A) Thrombin is the correct answer.

Penicillin is obtained from fungi, specifically a group of molds known as Penicillium. The discovery of penicillin, one of the first widely used antibiotics, is credited to Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928. Fleming observed that the mold Penicillium notatum produced a substance that could inhibit the growth of bacteria. This substance was later named penicillin and became a groundbreaking antibiotic in the field of medicine, revolutionizing the treatment of bacterial infections. Therefore, the correct answer is (B) Fungus.

Fructose is often regarded as the sweetest sugar among the options provided. It is a natural sugar found in fruits, honey, and some vegetables. Fructose is sweeter than glucose, sucrose (which is a combination of glucose and fructose), and maltose. Due to its high sweetness level, fructose is commonly used as a sweetener in various food products and beverages.

1. The Muslim commander who died fighting on behalf of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat was Ibrahim Gardi.

2. The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761, about 60 miles (95.5 km) north of Delhi, between the Northern Expeditionary Force of the Maratha Empire and a coalition of two Indian Muslims, led by King Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan.

3. The decline of the Mughal Empire following the Mughal–Maratha War (1680–1707) led to rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire.

There are three protective layers around our brain and spinal cord, called meninges. These layers are named in the order from outside to inside

1. Temporal lobe – integrates memories with the senses of taste, sound, sight, and touch.

2. Parshivika Pali – Holds information about temperature, taste, touch and movement.

3. Frontal lobe – responsible for communicative functions and control of voluntary movement or activity.

4. Occipital lobe – responsible for vision

1. Excretion is the process in which all metabolic wastes are passed out of the body. Excretion in humans occurs in several processes through various organs and internal organs of the body.

2. Diffusion is the most common process of excretion in lower organisms. The human body is an extraordinary machine, where various life-processes (respiration, circulation, digestion, etc.) occur simultaneously. As a result, many of the waste products produced in our bodies are in various forms including carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogenous products such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid.