The following statements are correct regarding global warming.

A. Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's surface observed since the pre-industrial period due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.

B. Global warming causes climate change, which poses a serious threat to life on Earth in the forms of widespread flooding and extreme weather. Which of these statements are correct?

1. Pluto has a natural satellite named Charon.

2. Pluto has five known natural satellites, of which Charon is the largest.

3. Charon's diameter is about half the diameter of Pluto.

4. Its average radius is 606 km (377 mi).

After considering the following statements regarding the main causes of extreme cold in North India during the cold season, the correct statements have been identified.

1. States like Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, being far away from the moderating influence of sea, experience continental climate.

2. The snowfall in the nearby Himalayan ranges creates a cold wave situation.

3. Around February, the cold winds coming from the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan bring a cold wave along with frost and fog over the northwestern parts of India.

All columns match correctly.

(A) Dahiya - Madhya Pradesh

(B) Kuruwa - Jharkhand

(C) Barigaon – Odisha

(D) Penda - Andhra Pradesh

1. According to the 2011 census, India's population was 1,210,193,422 (1.21 billion).

1. Rabi crops in Punjab benefit from temperate cyclones generated by Mediterranean rainfall.

2. Adequate rainfall is necessary to grow crops like wheat, cotton, rice, sugarcane, spices etc. Rainfall from temperate cyclones increases the productivity of these crops in Punjab.

Oceans make up 97.3 per cent of the total water on Earth. The ice caps have 2 per cent of total water. Groundwater accounts for 0.68 per cent of total water. Rivers account for 0.0001 per cent of the total water.

The correct answer is SIMA. It is also known as the 'mantle' and is the second layer of the Earth's three concentric layers, the other two being SIAL (crust) and NIFE (core). The major constituent elements of SIMA (second layer) are magnesium and silicon.