General Science Quiz and Answers

Effective nuclear charge refers to the charge that the outermost (valence) electron has. Additionally, electron or multi-electron takes into account the number of electrons shielding around the nucleus.

The way electrons are arranged in different shells of an atom of an element. In nuclear physics and quantum chemistry, the arrangement of electrons in a molecule, atom or any other physical structure is called electrical configuration.

Pauli's exclusion principle states that, "No two electrons in an atom can have all four quantum numbers in common."

In the history of the periodic table, the German scientist Dobereiner (1817) created a triad of three elements, which when placed in ascending order of atomic mass, the atomic mass of the middle element is approximately the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements. This rule is called Döbereiner's rule of tries.

The correct answer is Max Planck. Quantum theory was proposed by physicist Max Planck in 1900, when he hypothesized that energy was made up of 'quanta' or individual units.

X-rays have wavelengths from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, frequencies from 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3 × 1016 Hertz to 3 × 1019 hertz (Hz)) and energies from 120 electron volts to 120 kilo electron volts. The wavelength of X-rays is shorter than that of ultraviolet rays and longer than that of gamma rays.

Nucleon is the collective name for two important subatomic particles: the neutron and the proton. Nucleon is one of two types of subatomic particles (neutron and proton) that are located in the nuclei of atoms. Their number is called atomic mass number.

In 1916 Kosel and Lewis developed an important theory of chemical bonding between atoms known as the electronic theory of chemical bonding.

The equilibrium distance between the nuclei of atoms bonded to a molecule is called bond length.

A wave number, or wavenumber, refers to the spatial frequency of a wave at a specific unit distance. Wave number is measured either in cycles per unit distance or in radians per unit distance, depending on the context. A wave number is related to but distinct from frequency, which is temporal in nature.