The "Tragedy of the Commons" is a concept introduced by Garrett Hardin in a famous 1968 essay. It describes a situation where individuals, acting in their self-interest, deplete shared resources, leading to the detriment of the overall community. The term "commons" refers to resources that are accessible to everyone, and the tragedy occurs when individuals, motivated by personal gain, exploit these resources excessively, leading to their depletion or degradation. Hardin's work highlights the challenges of managing common resources and the need for collective action or regulatory measures to prevent the tragedy from occurring. This concept has been widely applied to environmental issues and resource management.

Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world, is named after Sir George Everest, a Welsh geographer and surveyor general of India in the 19th century. Although Sir George Everest himself objected to having the mountain named after him, the proposal was accepted, and the mountain retained the name Everest. The naming was done by the Royal Geographical Society in 1865 to honor his contributions to the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, which played a significant role in mapping the subcontinent.

The "World Development Report" is an annual publication by the World Bank. It provides in-depth analysis and insights into key development issues facing the world. Each report focuses on a specific theme, addressing economic, social, and environmental challenges. The aim is to offer policymakers, researchers, and development practitioners valuable information and perspectives to inform decision-making and promote sustainable development globally.

America achieved independence in 1776 under the leadership of (C) George Washington. Abraham Lincoln and George W. Bush were Presidents of the United States in later periods, and they were not involved in the events leading to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is the premier intelligence agency of Pakistan, responsible for providing critical national security and intelligence assessments to the government. It was established in 1948 and operates under the jurisdiction of the Pakistan Ministry of Defence. The ISI is primarily focused on safeguarding Pakistan's interests, both domestically and internationally, and plays a crucial role in counterintelligence, counterterrorism, and strategic intelligence.

The War of American Independence, also known as the American Revolutionary War, took place between 1775 and 1783. Therefore, the correct option is not listed among the provided choices. If we consider the closest option, (D) 1776, it is a significant year within the timeframe of the war as the Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776. The war itself had already begun in 1775.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) officially came into existence on January 1, 1995. It replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and was established to facilitate international trade negotiations, resolve trade disputes, and provide a framework for the conduct of international trade. The WTO aims to promote free and fair trade among its member countries by establishing rules and agreements that govern global commerce. It serves as a forum for member nations to negotiate trade agreements and address issues related to trade policies and practices.