The "Tragedy of the Commons" is a concept introduced by Garrett Hardin in a famous 1968 essay. It describes a situation where individuals, acting in their self-interest, deplete shared resources, leading to the detriment of the overall community. The term "commons" refers to resources that are accessible to everyone, and the tragedy occurs when individuals, motivated by personal gain, exploit these resources excessively, leading to their depletion or degradation. Hardin's work highlights the challenges of managing common resources and the need for collective action or regulatory measures to prevent the tragedy from occurring. This concept has been widely applied to environmental issues and resource management.

Answer: B) included provisions for territorial growth and the admission of new states. Explanation: The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was significant because it was the second continental congress that charted a government for territory in Northwest America. It also helped forbid slavery, and made a method of admitting new states near the Union.

The San Francisco Conference, also known as the United Nations Conference on International Organization, was held in 1945. During this conference, the final approval and adoption of the United Nations Charter occurred. Delegates from various countries gathered in San Francisco to establish the UN, and the charter, which serves as the foundational document of the organization, was signed on June 26, 1945. This marked a significant step in the post-World War II efforts to promote international cooperation, peace, and security.

The Partition of Bengal occurred in 1905 when the British colonial administration decided to divide the province of Bengal in British India. The primary stated reason was administrative efficiency, but it had significant political implications. The partition led to widespread protests and opposition from various communities, particularly due to concerns about communal tensions and political motivations. In response to the widespread protests, the British government annulled the partition in 1911 and reorganized Bengal. The event had lasting effects on the political consciousness of the region and contributed to the development of political movements in India.

1. During the reign of Alauddin Khilji, Mongols attacked Delhi the most number of times.

2. First in the year 1299 and then in 1302-03. Alauddin Khilji built a new garrison town called Siri for his troops.

3. The administrative measures of Muhammad Tughlaq failed.