1. Jainism and Buddhism originated during the later Vedic period when the people were developing into Mahajanapadas.

2. Jainism was founded by Rishabhdev who was born in Ayodhya and his symbol was the bull.

Sl. No.          - Name                         -  Symbol         - Birthplace

1                Rishabhnath (Adinath)   Bull                    Ayodhya

2                Ajitnath                              Hathi                 Ayodhya                                           

22              Neminath                          Shankh               Dwarka

23            Parshvanath                       snake                  Kashi

24           Mahavir Singh                   Sher                 Kshatriyakund

The Harappan civilization was characterized by its well-planned cities and advanced infrastructure. Some of the major cities of the Harappan civilization include:

1.            Harappa: Harappa was one of the first cities to be excavated in the 1920s and gave its name to the entire civilization. It is located in present-day Pakistan and was a significant center of the ancient Indus Valley civilization.

2.            Mohenjo-Daro: Mohenjo-Daro, meaning "Mound of the Dead," is another major city of the Harappan civilization, located in present-day Pakistan. It was one of the largest and most advanced cities of its time, featuring complex urban planning and sophisticated drainage systems.

3.            Kalibangan: Kalibangan is located in present-day Rajasthan, India. It is notable for its unique fire altars and is an important archaeological site belonging to the Harappan civilization.

4.            Lothal: Lothal is situated in present-day Gujarat, India. It was a vital trading center, known for its advanced dockyards and extensive trade connections with other civilizations.

5.            Dholavira: Dholavira, located in the Rann of Kutch in present-day Gujarat, India, is known for its intricate urban planning and large water conservation systems. It is one of the five largest Harappan sites in the Indian subcontinent.

6.            Rakhigarhi: Rakhigarhi is one of the largest sites of the Harappan civilization, located in present-day Haryana, India. It is still being extensively studied by archaeologists and has provided valuable insights into the life and culture of the ancient Indus Valley people.

These cities, along with numerous smaller settlements, formed the backbone of the Harappan civilization, showcasing their advanced urban planning, architecture, and social organization.

1. The book titled 'My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Action' is written by former President of India, Dr. A.P.J. It is the autobiography of Abdul Kalam.

2. This book describes his journey from childhood to becoming the President of India.

3. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Saheb served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007.

4. Thus he came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missiles and launch vehicle technology.

1. The Khilji dynasty ruled Delhi from 1290 to 1320.

2. The founder of this dynasty was Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji, who gained power by killing Kaiqubad in 1290.

3. The most famous ruler of this dynasty was Alauddin Khilji, who ruled from 1296 to 1316.

4. Alauddin Khilji had conquered Chittor, a powerful state of Rajputana, in 1303 AD.

5. There were two great generals Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan in the Khilji dynasty.

6. Also worked on Alauddin Khilji's market system and land revenue administration.

The famous Jain centre is Shravanabelogola, which is situated in Mysore (Karnataka), there is a statue of Gommateshwara, which is Built by Chavrendaray

The Granary of Mohanjodaro was 45.71 meter long and 15.23 meter wide and that was the biggest building there. The length of the great bath from north to south was 11.88 m and breadth from east to west was 7.01 m.

There is no evidences of cow in terracotta in Indus civilization

Vamsathapakasini is among the last Buddist text produced in India. It gives us information about the origin of the Mauryas. It was composed in 10th century.